站內檢索
The Changing Functions of Renjian Fojiao (人間佛教) in Mainland China
Since the revival of Buddhism in the People’s Republic of China following the Cultural Revolution, renjian fojiao (人間佛教), often translated as “Humanistic Buddhism,” has become a very prominent label. It has served as a basic concept for various purposes, from the political self-legitimation of Buddhists, to the revival of traditional(ized) thinking, to religious innovation. It has undergone a continuous process of adaptation to Buddhists’ needs at the moment in question. With its initial role, quite early in the 1980s, emphasized officially by Zhao Puchu 趙朴初 (1907-2000), the president of the Buddhist Association of China (BAC), it became an important element of the statutory purpose of the BAC and developed separately from, but not without the influence of, later dynamics in Taiwan. This article reflects on some of the steps in the 40-year development of what has been declared in the People’s Republic of China as renjian fojiao (“Humanistic Buddhism”). It focuses on its metamorphosis within the context of the BAC’s statutory purpose, asking what the concept has been necessary for and how it might still be relevant today.
Humanistic Religion: From Guodian to Vimalakirti
This paper will argue that the term “Humanistic Buddhism,” which Venerable Master Hsing Yun describes as central to all of Buddhism, is also fundamental to Chinese religion as a collective group. Such an expansion is in keeping with the spirit of his recent publication 365 Days for Travelers: Wisdom from Chinese Literary and Buddhist Classics. Here we see an enlargement of humanism to include a general assessment of Chinese culture. It because of this expansion that this paper uses the term “Humanistic Religion” instead of “Humanistic Buddhism.” Crucial support for the centrality of humanism to Chinese religion comes from it being expressed with the greatest clarity and earliest date in the recently excavated Guodian corpus ( 郭店楚簡). As such, Guodian represents a missing link between Buddhism and other pre-Han religious systems. Venerable Master Hsing-yun sees Humanistic Buddhism as a system that has particular utility for overcoming divisions; as such it is interested in developing the linkages with indigenous Chinese religion that I will be detailing in this paper. Specifically, Humanistic Buddhism: Holding True to the Original Intents of Buddha, states that the schisms which arose after the passing of the Buddha can be overcome with humanism.2 In the publications by Fo Guang Shan I have reviewed so far, however, recently excavated manuscripts have not been considered and this will one of the contributions of this paper.
人間佛教佛陀本懷:三、人間佛教的根本教義
佛陀說法,都是隨弟子的根機利鈍,而有不同的教化,但是佛陀也有許多基本的思想、教義。例如,全世界公認的原始佛教時代,佛陀經常講苦、空、無常、無我;到了後期,才鼓勵信徒要行六度萬行,要發四無量心,要學四弘誓願等。
論貪、欲及人間佛教的普世價值——以美國為例
貪婪,我們都知道貪婪是個原罪。由美國公民麥道夫(BernieMadoff)所規劃的投資基金相當成功,吸引不少富裕投資客。每年他總能回饋投資客高於其他基金的報酬,不過最後卻爆出他其實並沒有將資金投入市場,而是仿照龐茲騙局及老鼠會的手法,拿新進投資客的資金作為前批投資客的報酬。龐茲所經營的非法吸金騙局曾經相當火熱,並讓他成為紐約市的明星,受到金融界高度讚譽。不過,一旦客戶得知損失鉅額資金,他頓時淪為貪婪的小丑。當然,局中的參與者也是貪婪的俘虜。
人間佛教的現世關懷
韋伯(M.Weber)在《基督新教倫理與資本主義精神》(1904)一書,探討基督新教的合理化發展與現代資本主義之間,存在著選擇性的親近性,開啟宗教對現世文明影響分析之先河。韋伯晚年寫成的《世界諸宗教的經濟倫理》,更進一步檢視不同宗教對現世經濟生活所抱持的態度,以突顯出基督新教現世宰治(inner-worldly mastery)的性格。
「人間佛教」:多元佛教與佛教的人本主義——以佛耶比較為背景
2015年12月27日上午,星雲大師在佛光山傳燈樓三樓會議室,與前來參加第三屆人間佛教座談會的學者以及其他信眾見面,並發表了題為〈我對人間佛教的體認〉的演講,我有幸親聆教炙。在這個演講中,星雲大師針對「一些對人間佛教不了解的人」所提出的「對人間佛教的一些疑議」(共8條),以及「還沒有普遍讓人了解」的諸如「傳統與現代、在家與出家、山林與社會、原始與近代、修持與行事等這許多問題」,發表了自己20條主張予以回應和解釋,我們不妨稱之為「星雲二十條」。
人間佛教——光明大學之生涯學習的本質
為了強調教育的重要以及發掘菲律賓人才,星雲大師於2014年6月在菲律賓創建第五個佛光山大學系統的聯盟學校―光明大學。作為菲律賓人間佛教先鋒的光明大學,提供願意學習並尊重彼此風俗、文化傳統和宗教的所有學生受教育的環境。
人間佛教回歸佛陀本懷:二、佛陀的人間生活
說起佛陀,他的一生可以說多采多姿。身為王子的悉達多,天資聰穎,從小通達「五明」的科學、「四吠陀」的哲學。在王宮裡的生活,想要什麼都能擁有,甚至即將繼位國王,可以用政治的權力來治理國家社會。但這時候,他卻觀照到人生社會種種的無常現象,如:生老病死的逼迫,種姓制度的不平、社會階級差距的森嚴,甚至貧富貴賤的懸殊、權力地位的壓迫、眾生之間的弱肉強食等等,這些現象,都讓他對生命的存在感到困惑和不解。
人間佛教在西方的本土化
1990 年1 月的《星雲日記》中記載,大師在美國洛杉磯西來寺弘法期間,有兩項重要紀錄,顯示著人間佛教在西方本土化的重要指標。大師說:從西來寺開始,我們踏出「法水長流五大洲」的第一步,國際佛光會的創立,加強了世界各國的融和交流,我們終究未負西來本意呀!
人間佛教兩性平等思想研究
自太虛大師宣導現代人間佛教以來,男女兩性平等問題逐漸引起佛教界廣泛關注。民國時期太虛大師以及「菩提精舍」女眾都對這一問題作出了積極回應,基本達成了尊重女性人格、維護女性權益、宣導男女地位平等的共識。1949 年之後,在星雲大師、印順導師、聖嚴法師和昭慧法師等人的推動下,台灣地區人間佛教兩性平等思想取得了舉世矚目的成就。上世紀八〇年代以後,大陸地區的人間佛教重新煥發生機,人間佛教兩性平等思想亦隨之獲得發展,大陸佛教女眾的整體地位得到顯著提升。
