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Rethinking the Precept of Not Taking Money in Contemporary Taiwanese and Mainland Chinese Buddhist Nunneries
Around two and half millennia ago, the order of nuns was established when the Buddha allowed women to join the Buddhist monastic community. Buddhist nuns play prominent and respected roles in the Therīgāthā (Verses of the Elder Nuns) from ancient India. The historical work the Biqiuni zhuan 比丘尼傳 (Biographies of Nuns) reports how Buddhist nuns influenced and contributed to Chinese Buddhism in the medieval era. In recent decades, there has been a strong revival of Chinese Buddhism, amid which Buddhist nuns have exerted an ever-growing impact on the monastic environment, and their opinions have gradually become very influential, particularly in Taiwan. Indeed, as aptly put by Chün-fang Yü (Light 1), “Taiwanese nuns today are highly educated and greatly outnumber monks, characteristics unprecedented in the history of Chinese Buddhism.” In Mainland China, some prominent nuns (e.g., Shi Longlian) have held posts in the official organization of Chinese Buddhism or made significant contributions to Buddhist education and Dharma teaching. However, contemporary Mainland Chinese nuns’ religious life has scarcely been explored or discussed. This study aims to rectify this imbalance by examining a central ethical issue of monastic daily life to which scant scholarly attention has hitherto been paid.
主題演說之一:重新估定佛學的價值
我今年八十七歲,七十五年前在南京棲霞山出家做和尚,六十四年前來到台灣,四十六年前開始建設佛光山。對於傳統的佛教,我常有一些不一樣的想法。比方說,佛法講「四姓出家,同為釋氏」,過去印度的佛教倡導「四姓平等」,這是佛陀的思想,但是後來在各地傳播的佛教,卻全都違反了佛陀平等的胸懷,其中最嚴重的就是男女不平等;到現在,中國大陸的比丘尼、優婆夷在佛門裡仍幾乎沒有什麼地位。不過在我看來,在所有出錢做功德,把寺廟建設起來的人當中,以優婆夷最發心,尤其很多優秀的比丘尼更是為佛門做出種種貢獻。而這許多人事在佛教史上卻很少記載。如今,這一種不平等的觀念還在繼續,仍有人極力以佛教的「八敬法」來維護佛教比丘、男眾的權力與地位。
開啟拓荒交流之旅——第一屆天主教修女與佛教比丘尼對話國際研討會
當代漢傳佛教中菩薩戒與毗奈耶的相容性——兩岸比較研究(上)
菩薩思想自中世紀以來就穩步發展,成為漢傳大乘佛教的主要特徵。承襲大乘佛教傳統的比丘和比丘尼在三壇大戒戒會中也會受持菩薩戒;換言之,兼受菩薩戒與比丘/比丘尼戒兩種律儀,是大乘佛教出家僧人的顯著特徵。這一情況延伸出值得探討的議題:在台灣和中國大陸當前的社會文化背景下,中國僧侶對於菩薩戒的認知、理念及其相關實踐為何?雖然這兩個地區根源於相同的漢傳佛教傳統,修行、實踐方式等仍有些許不同。再者,這項長期、跨兩岸的比較研究,也揭示佛教戒律與菩薩思想之間潛在的矛盾與衝突。
當代漢傳佛教中菩薩戒與毗奈耶的相容性——兩岸比較研究(下)
菩薩思想自中世紀以來就穩步發展,成為漢傳大乘佛教的主要特徵。承襲大乘佛教傳統的比丘和比丘尼在三壇大戒戒會中也會受持菩薩戒;換言之,兼受菩薩戒與比丘/比丘尼戒兩種律儀,是大乘佛教出家僧人的顯著特徵。這一情況延伸出值得探討的議題:在台灣和中國大陸當前的社會文化背景下,中國僧侶對於菩薩戒的認知、理念及其相關實踐為何?雖然這兩個地區根源於相同的漢傳佛教傳統,修行、實踐方式等仍有些許不同。再者,這項長期、跨兩岸的比較研究,也揭示佛教戒律與菩薩思想之間潛在的矛盾與衝突。
