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The Localization of Music during the Late Stages of Buddhism’s Spread around the World: A Comparison of the Japanese and Dai Buddhist Music
This article begins with a discussion of several common elements and similar phenomena found in the history of music in the Buddhism of the Dai people of China and in Japanese Buddhism during the late stages of the spread of Buddhism around the world. Then, using these clues, the relevant documentary materials available in Chinese are used to further describe the early localization of music in Japan. Finally, based on a comparison of field surveys and relevant documentary data, a comparative analysis of these two schools of Buddhist music is made, taking into account their status and respective conditions within the opposed courses of globalization and localization, and in relation to being either a transmitter or receiver of musical ideas.
The Localization and Spread of Japanese Buddhism
It is well-known that Japanese Buddhism came from China, and in the course of its acceptance and accommodation into Japanese society, it underwent many changes, whether planned or unintentional. Are these changes original innovations or complacent degeneration? The distinction may be subtle. It is certainly not our role here to resolve this question by passing value judgements, as there might be necessary reasons behind these changes. Rather than simply making a value judgement, the researcher prioritize the pursuit of truth. Having said that, when considering the nature of religion, we must necessarily be concerned with how changes affect the vitality of religion.
Fo Guang Shan’s ‘Localization of Buddhism’ within the Internationalization of Buddhism
Localization is the primary reason that Buddhism flourished in China. Venerable Master Hsing Yun’s emphasis on adapting Buddhism to local cultural practices is crucial to Fo Guang Shan’s success in spreading the Dharma overseas. This paper discusses the process of localizing Buddhism in the West, focusing on the philosophy and methodology of localization, as well as the ways in which Fo Guang Shan has successfully localized in Western countries.
Localization of Humanistic Buddhism in the West
The Localization of Buddhist Teachings within Glocalization
The purposes of promoting Buddhist culture and education are to guide sentient beings towards purifying their body and mind, and awakening their wisdom. By relying on cultural and educational means, it is possible to avoid conflicts between different religious faiths and allow non-Buddhists to accept Buddhist culture. In the course of accepting Buddhist culture, they will be able to gradually understand and eventually accept Buddhism. It is a kind of “skillful and expedient means” of the Dharma. Through culture and education, we can teach according to the learners’ aptitude, bring benefits and joy to all sentient beings and allow them to gain wisdom.
The Key to Promoting Localization is not to ‘Discard’ but to ‘Give’–My View on ‘De-sinicization'
In Taiwan, issues of provincial origin and ethnicity are often intentionally used to manipulate elections. During the March 2004 presidential election, ethnic sentiment was once again provoked to the extent that some people chanted slogans of “localization” and “de-sinicization.” This throws us into doubt. In this era of multiculturalism, when countries are making every effort to absorb other cultures, it is indeed perplexing—and even unfathomable—why some Taiwanese people are moving to “discard” a culture via “de-sinicization.”
世界佛教史視域下的「佛教中國化」及其「海外本土化」
人間佛教的變與不變
總體上看,中國佛教歷史進程的基本脈絡呈現出三期連動的走向,從西漢到隋唐,在長達一千年的過程中,歷史的主脈是引進、消化、吸收印度佛教,不但播下佛法的種子,而且完成了本土化轉型,實現了理論扎根與實踐的拓展,在不斷學習、不斷創新、不斷弘揚的歷史進程中,形成文化型與學術型佛教的高度繁榮。 促成這一歷史主脈形成的核心因素是域外僧人的入華傳教、中國僧人的西行求法、中外僧人的合作譯經、大批僧俗學人的踴躍譯經講經,以及信眾的寫經、抄經、印經、刻經、唱經、誦經、供經等,以及在此基礎上主要由高僧大德完成的理論辨析、理論建構、理論推廣。
佛教國際化進程中的佛光山「佛教本土化」實踐
「佛教本土化」是佛教在中國傳播並產生影響的關鍵因素。星雲大師宣導的佛教本土化是佛光山海外弘法取得成就的重要原因。並探討了星雲大師及佛光山向西方世界推動「佛教本土化」的理念和方法,及佛光山「本土化」在西方世界推進佛法弘傳的意義。
佛光山大洋洲人間佛教「本土化」的主要成就
自1989年星雲大師首訪考察澳洲並成立中天寺以來,佛光山在大洋洲的人間佛教發展經過近30年的砥礪奮進,在諸多方面成就斐然,一派欣欣向榮氣象。在「本土化」方面,人間佛教立足澳洲和紐西蘭,殫精竭慮,鍥而不捨,不斷進行探索和嘗試,通過基礎設施、內部管理、宗教弘化、社會生活等四方面的多種途徑,已經取得多方面的可喜成就。第一,在道場建設方面有一些極具創意的建築。第二,通過佛教節日、宗教活動等對當地民眾的社會生活產生一定影響。第三,信眾的組織結構和精神面貌已經向更適應當地社會的方向發生變化。第四,在人才培養方面已經創辦了南天大學,並努力培養海外弘法人才。同時,人間佛教的僧眾及其思想、人間佛教的理念和事業獲得當地社會各界的肯定和嘉獎,這也是「本土化」成就的重要體現。