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Bodhisattva Precepts and Their Compatibility with Vinaya in Contemporary Chinese Buddhism: A Cross-Straits Comparative Study (Part 1)
Bodhisattva ideas have steadily developed since medieval times, to become key characteristics of Chinese Mahāyāna Buddhism. Monks and nuns in the Mahāyāna tradition generally have bodhisattva precepts conferred upon them while undergoing the Triple Platform Ordination, and adhering to both these precepts and the bhikṣu/ bhikṣuṇī precepts is a conspicuous feature of Mahāyāna monastic practice. Against this backdrop, it is worth exploring Chinese monastics’ perceptions of the bodhisattva precepts and ideal, and the practices surrounding them, in the current sociocultural contexts of Taiwan and Mainland China. Though both these regions share the same tradition of Chinese Mahāyāna Buddhism, it has very different manifestations. This long-term, cross-Straits comparative study also reveals a hitherto under-theorized conflict between vinaya rules and the bodhisattva ideal.
Bodhisattva Precepts and Their Compatibility with Vinaya in Contemporary Chinese Buddhism: A Cross-Straits Comparative Study (Part 2)
Bodhisattva ideas have steadily developed since medieval times, to become key characteristics of Chinese Mahāyāna Buddhism. Monks and nuns in the Mahāyāna tradition generally have bodhisattva precepts conferred upon them while undergoing the Triple Platform Ordination, and adhering to both these precepts and the bhikṣu/ bhikṣuṇī precepts is a conspicuous feature of Mahāyāna monastic practice. Against this backdrop, it is worth exploring Chinese monastics’ perceptions of the bodhisattva precepts and ideal, and the practices surrounding them, in the current sociocultural contexts of Taiwan and Mainland China. Though both these regions share the same tradition of Chinese Mahāyāna Buddhism, it has very different manifestations. This long-term, cross-Straits comparative study also reveals a hitherto under-theorized conflict between vinaya rules andthe bodhisattva ideal.
Bodhisattva in the Perfection of Wisdom Buddhist Texts
When we talk about the Prajnaparamita, we sometimes get deep into it. To begin, I have always been interested in the fact that before Sakyamuni became the Buddha and gained his enlightenment, he went to other teachers. We don’t often think about what his teachers have taught him. For example, Alara Kalama taught him a meditation where he could experience infinite space and be conscious of infinite space. After being taught about how to meditate in this way and having experienced infinite space, the Buddha thought it was interesting but it wasn’t good enough. He still hasn’t had the release and hasn’t reached moksha. So, he continued to study with other teachers. Uddaka taught him to go deeper into his mind and reach a mental state which is neither perception nor the lack of perception. A very deep and special state. But, once again, it wasn’t sufficient. Why wasn’t it sufficient? What was lacking? Why did he keep pursuing another path? What was the path he pursued? And, what was the difference between what he finally reached and what his great teachers had taught him? I looked into the Eight Thousand-Line Perfection of Wisdom Sutra having these questions in mind. When we look into this sutra, it is interesting to see that when the Buddha had gathered his audience, all of them were arhats. There was not a bodhisattva in sight. Where were all these bodhisattvas then? What we later on defined as a bodhisattva is what the Prajnaparamita Sutras taught for the first time. The Prajnaparamita created the bodhisattvas. In other words, at the time when he started teaching, this was the first Prajnaparamita Sutra. When the Buddha first taught it, there were no bodhisattvas of the type that we later see. Later in the sutra the bodhisattvas appeared. It was a sequential thing. In the beginning, it tells us that everybody was an arhat.
當代漢傳佛教中菩薩戒與毗奈耶的相容性——兩岸比較研究（上）
菩薩思想自中世紀以來就穩步發展，成為漢傳大乘佛教的主要特徵。承襲大乘佛教傳統的比丘和比丘尼在三壇大戒戒會中也會受持菩薩戒；換言之，兼受菩薩戒與比丘／比丘尼戒兩種律儀，是大乘佛教出家僧人的顯著特徵。這一情況延伸出值得探討的議題：在台灣和中國大陸當前的社會文化背景下，中國僧侶對於菩薩戒的認知、理念及其相關實踐為何？雖然這兩個地區根源於相同的漢傳佛教傳統，修行、實踐方式等仍有些許不同。再者，這項長期、跨兩岸的比較研究，也揭示佛教戒律與菩薩思想之間潛在的矛盾與衝突。
當代漢傳佛教中菩薩戒與毗奈耶的相容性——兩岸比較研究（下）
菩薩思想自中世紀以來就穩步發展，成為漢傳大乘佛教的主要特徵。承襲大乘佛教傳統的比丘和比丘尼在三壇大戒戒會中也會受持菩薩戒；換言之，兼受菩薩戒與比丘／比丘尼戒兩種律儀，是大乘佛教出家僧人的顯著特徵。這一情況延伸出值得探討的議題：在台灣和中國大陸當前的社會文化背景下，中國僧侶對於菩薩戒的認知、理念及其相關實踐為何？雖然這兩個地區根源於相同的漢傳佛教傳統，修行、實踐方式等仍有些許不同。再者，這項長期、跨兩岸的比較研究，也揭示佛教戒律與菩薩思想之間潛在的矛盾與衝突。
《大般若經》中的菩薩思想
我們談到般若經典時，常常會做深入的鑽研。首先，我一直都對一件事很感興趣。佛陀在成道之前，曾經拜其他人為師，但鮮少有人想過，他的老師們都教了他什麼？例如，阿羅邏迦藍摩教導他一種能體驗和意識到無限空間的禪定。佛陀學會了這種禪定功夫之後，感覺很有趣，但也知道這並不究竟，因為他還是無法脫離輪迴之苦。於是他便向外找尋其他的名師。鬱陀羅伽教導他進入更深層的意識，達到一種非想也非非想的層次，這一種很深的意識層次，但仍然不夠究竟。原因是什麼呢？到底還缺乏什麼？為什麼佛陀轉向另外一種道的追求？這個道又是什麼呢？他所追尋的這種最終極究竟的道，跟這些老師們所教導他的，又有什麼不同？
