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無聲唱出百年病――民國佛教與青年星雲 (1939-1949) 的「人間僧伽教育」觀
《無聲息的歌唱》一書是青年星雲來台後所集結的第一本書,其撰寫時間約在1950 年冬。該書透過佛教法物、非法物等,點出佛教弊病。因「物語」所揭櫫佛教現象,距其來台不過一年,故無疑絕大部分佛門事態,當是其在大陸時期的見聞。而文中透過「物語」所傳達的佛教沉痾,不僅是近現代中國佛教所欲改革的內容,更重要的是成為吹響人間佛教的號角。本文欲藉此書探討青年星雲的改革理念,以及其人間佛教藍圖的僧伽教育觀。
A Modern Interpretation of Venerable Master Hsing Yun’s Belief that ‘Life Does Not Die'
In his first preface to Humanistic Buddhism: Holding True to the Original Intent of Buddha, Venerable Master Hsing Yun adopted simple and easily understood words to summarize the articles of faith and essence of Humanistic Buddhism. In the second preface titled “My Understanding of Humanistic Buddhism,” Venerable Master Hsing Yun identified the general misconceptions and doubts many people have about Humanistic Buddhism.
Venerable Master Hsing Yun's Methodology for the Practice of Humanistic Buddhism: a Case Study of Chan at Hsi Lai Temple
本文以星雲大師「人間佛教」的實踐為研究對象。本研究將從幾個面向展開:禪的定義、禪在西來寺的實踐、以及對其進行評估,並作為現代社會的一個基本準則。
On Modernity and Tradition in Humanistic Buddhism: From Master Taixu to Venerable Master Hsing Yun
Humanistic Buddhism was initially proposed by Master Taixu in early modern times, then refined in theory and verified in practice by a number of eminent monks. It now is a major ideological trend and practical model for Chinese Buddhism in Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao. Fo Guang Shan in Taiwan, under the leadership of Venerable Master Hsing Yun, has brought the model of Humanistic Buddhism development worldwide. This has become an important channel for Chinese culture to the world. How is it that Humanistic Buddhism has become a major Buddhist ideological trend on the Chinese mainland? How has it become the way for Buddhism to modernize and to survive? Humanistic Buddhism not only responds to the practical needs of this era, but it is rooted in long-standing Buddhist spiritual traditions and the Buddha’s original intents.
The Modernization and Globalization of Humanistic Buddhism and Chinese Buddhism
The most prominent element in the success of Humanistic Buddhism is the modernization and internationalization of Chinese Buddhism. Under the premise of returning to the original intents of the Buddha, advocates and practitioners of Humanistic Buddhism look forward to spreading the Dharma in ways that are readily embraced by people of current times. For example, in the 1950s and 1960s, Fo Guang Shan’s Venerable Master Hsing Yun was already advocating for reform in Buddhism: its ranks, its organizations, its administrative systems, its precepts, its means of propagating the Dharma, its education, its culture, and its internationalization.
Humanistic Buddhism and the Modernization of Buddhism
In recent decades, rapid economic, scientific, and technological development has modernized human society in leaps and bounds. Hence, societies and cultures face the dual issues of how best to treat one’s tradition and how to adapt to the reality of a changing society. If a given tradition is the modernized “medium” (i.e. carrier of specific ideas) of its ideology, then the social conditions under which it operates form the “foundation” (i.e. the direction and strategy) for its modernization.
The Process of Modernizing Buddhism: Two Thousand Years of Rise and Fall in Human History
When Buddhism was transmitted into China over two thousand years ago, during the time of the Han Dynasty, Daoist ritual techniques and arts for achieving immortality were prevalent. As Chinese Republican-period scholar Tang Yongtong pointed out: During the Han period, other than the major rituals of worshipping heaven, earth, mountains, and rivers, there were many other types of sacrificial worship. Prior to the Qin Dynasty, there was already the belief that one must perform specific Daoist ritual techniques and arts in order evoke higher spiritual powers.
Humanistic Buddhism and It’s Humanization, Modernization, and Incorporation into Daily Life
Since the twentieth century, Chinese Buddhism has entered a golden age of development and an opportune time for the development of Humanistic Buddhism. As a stronghold of today’s Humanistic Buddhism, Fo Guang Shan has made great contributions to its development and shoulders the responsibility of creating a new era of Humanistic Buddhism. Since we have the good fortune of being able to participate in Fo Guang Shan’s development of Humanistic Buddhism, we naturally also bear its mission. This is a great opportunity that should be cherished. Venerable Master’s philosophy of Humanistic Buddhism is deep and wide like the ocean, and his undertakings have been brilliant.