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Remarks on Current Research on Taixu and the Pure Land in the Human Realm
One could translate the Chinese term commonly rendered “Humanistic Buddhism” more literally as “Buddhism in the Human Realm” (renjian fojiao 人間佛教). The term “human realm” (renjian 人間) has both an everyday meaning in modern Chinese and a more expansive technical Buddhist meaning. In everyday parlance, it means “the human world,” “humanity,” or “social relations,” and within a modern scientific world view, humanity exists in only one place—the planet Earth. Hence, English-language texts sometimes render the term “Humanistic Buddhism” as “Earthly Buddhism.” In traditional Chinese Buddhist texts, however, the term has a more specialized, technical meaning arising from premodern Buddhist cosmology. In this context, it indicates one in a list of five or six possible paths of rebirth. To be reborn in the human realm means that one’s past karma has led to rebirth as a human being, and in Buddhist cosmology, the Earth is not the only place where humans reside. The fact that the term renjian has different definitions in these two contexts has led to some confusion when scholars confront the terms “Humanistic Buddhism” and “The Pure Land in the Human Realm” (renjian jingtu 人間淨土). Variations in the way Buddhists and scholars understand the meaning and purpose of Humanistic Buddhism only compound the confusion.
人天乘與菩薩乘的修學問題─ 從太虛大師到星雲大師的觀點（上）
本文探討太虛大師與星雲大師對佛教五乘修學的觀點，尤其著重於人天乘與菩薩乘的關係。太虛大師提倡「人生佛教」，強調以改善現實人生為基礎，在日常生活中實踐佛法，並提出「依人乘行果，趣修大乘行」的修持方針，認為應從人乘出發，逐步走向大乘菩薩道，最終成就佛道。他提出「人圓佛即成」的理念，強調人格的圓滿須達至佛的境界，並非僅止於世俗的君子賢聖，更提出「今菩薩行」，強調菩薩行應符合當代社會需求，積極參與社會，服務眾生。 星雲大師倡導的「人間佛教」，強調修行的多元性，認為任何符合佛法、有益於人類福祉、能饒益眾生的行為都是修行，拓展了修行的定義。他闡述五乘佛法，認為人天乘是佛乘的初階，修行應循序漸進，從人天乘逐步走向菩薩乘，最終成就佛道。他提出「以出世的思想，做入世的事業」，強調在世間實踐菩薩道，並以「佛光淨土」為目標，融攝各種淨土的精華，追求人間的安樂與淨化。兩位大師的觀點都強調人間佛教的實踐重要性，提倡在生活中實踐菩薩道，以慈悲智慧護念眾生，並積極參與社會，解決現實問題，最終實現人間淨土。然而，二者也存在差異，太虛大師更側重於理論的建構與修學次第的闡述，而星雲大師則更強調修行的多元性和靈活性，以及如何將佛法融入現代人的生活。
維摩菩薩不二法，星雲大師平等觀
平等是佛法的根本義理之一，是佛陀開示的宇宙人生真理法則，是《維摩經》不二法門的智慧精髓，也是星雲大師人間佛教的核心，根本義理。只有落實星雲大師宣導的人間佛教平等觀，做到人人平等、生權平等、處處平等、時時平等、事事平等、物物平等、法法平等，才能實現世界和平，才能建成幸福美滿的人間淨土！
