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Remarks on Current Research on Taixu and the Pure Land in the Human Realm
One could translate the Chinese term commonly rendered “Humanistic Buddhism” more literally as “Buddhism in the Human Realm” (renjian fojiao 人間佛教). The term “human realm” (renjian 人間) has both an everyday meaning in modern Chinese and a more expansive technical Buddhist meaning. In everyday parlance, it means “the human world,” “humanity,” or “social relations,” and within a modern scientific world view, humanity exists in only one place—the planet Earth. Hence, English-language texts sometimes render the term “Humanistic Buddhism” as “Earthly Buddhism.” In traditional Chinese Buddhist texts, however, the term has a more specialized, technical meaning arising from premodern Buddhist cosmology. In this context, it indicates one in a list of five or six possible paths of rebirth. To be reborn in the human realm means that one’s past karma has led to rebirth as a human being, and in Buddhist cosmology, the Earth is not the only place where humans reside. The fact that the term renjian has different definitions in these two contexts has led to some confusion when scholars confront the terms “Humanistic Buddhism” and “The Pure Land in the Human Realm” (renjian jingtu 人間淨土). Variations in the way Buddhists and scholars understand the meaning and purpose of Humanistic Buddhism only compound the confusion.
Remarks on Current Research on Taixu and the Pure Land in the Human Realm
One could translate the Chinese term commonly rendered “Humanistic Buddhism” more literally as “Buddhism in the Human Realm” (renjian fojiao 人間佛教). The term “human realm” (renjian 人間) has both an everyday meaning in modern Chinese and a more expansive technical Buddhist meaning. In everyday parlance, it means “the human world,” “humanity,” or “social relations,” and within a modern scientific world view, humanity exists in only one place—the planet Earth. Hence, English-language texts sometimes render the term “Humanistic Buddhism” as “Earthly Buddhism.” In traditional Chinese Buddhist texts, however, the term has a more specialized, technical meaning arising from premodern Buddhist cosmology. In this context, it indicates one in a list of five or six possible paths of rebirth. To be reborn in the human realm means that one’s past karma has led to rebirth as a human being, and in Buddhist cosmology, the Earth is not the only place where humans reside. The fact that the term renjian has different definitions in these two contexts has led to some confusion when scholars confront the terms “Humanistic Buddhism” and “The Pure Land in the Human Realm” (renjian jingtu 人間淨土). Variations in the way Buddhists and scholars understand the meaning and purpose of Humanistic Buddhism only compound the confusion.
傳統中醫VS.人間佛教
「人間佛教」為生活在人間的我們,規劃了一個非常完整的藍圖,只要將它真正落實在人間,實現在人間,即可提昇人的素養,提高生活品質,共創人間淨土。 星雲大師曾說:「人類的身體,不是用來綑縛心靈的;人類的身體,是用來幫助心靈,圓滿生命智慧的,是用來修行結善緣的。不幸的是:由於我們智慧不足,悲心不夠、不能認識自己。因此大部份人類的身體,反而變成了心靈的障礙,甚至奴役心靈,綑住心靈而不自知,則身苦心也苦。」 我們可以從傳統中醫和佛陀教化兩大學識的融和當中,透視身體與「心、神(靈)、氣」的互動關係,進而融和「身、心、神(靈)、氣」的合作,以提昇生命的境界。一個有慈悲心、有智慧、懂得對內修身養性、對外待人處世的人間菩薩,可以救自己、救社會、國家、世界。如果每一個人都樂意以慈悲、智慧對己待人,並開發「如來真我空性」,那麼當下就是極樂淨土。有病亦不為病所苦,即使身苦心也不苦。
念佛禪——一種思想史的讀解
「念佛法門」曾直接啟發過中國禪宗的實踐,這大概是不容爭議的事實,而結合了淨土觀念(無論是彌勒國土還是西方淨土)的念佛方法是如何融攝到中國禪的思想和修證當中,卻是一個要複雜得多的問題。依太虛、印順一系的看法,戒律和淨土是不應獨立成宗而為中國佛教各家所奉持的共法。不過,各家對淨土的取捨抉擇,都鮮明地表示了自宗的立場。如天台、賢首均以判教的形式會通淨土,但台宗詳於觀門和心具的說明,賢首則重於法界緣起和理事意義上的圓釋。即使禪宗內部各家,對淨土念佛的融攝也有相當複雜的不同。
〈台灣佛教新史〉之十八——殖民時期佛教文教事業之一:日本佛教各宗派在台所辦期刊(上)
1894年甲午戰敗,清廷割讓台灣,翌年,日本佛教各宗或隨軍或從扶桑四島遣僧來台,為了宣傳教法,紛紛發行刊物,如1896年11 月,佐佐木發起組織的「臺灣佛教會」發行《教報》第一號。《教報》第一號中的〈臺灣佛教調查〉一文撰稿者,被認為是出自佐佐木之手,對曹洞宗決定來台開教傳道影響甚巨。之後,日本佛教宗派較早創辦的期刊有臨濟宗的《真如》,臨濟宗滹山大悲閣的《真佛教》、日蓮宗的《放光》、淨土宗《信友》雜誌發刊等。4當然這些雜誌主要發行的對象還是自宗信徒為主。
〈台灣佛教新史〉之十一——日本佛教各宗派在台布教發展(一)
日本殖民時期來台的宗派有華嚴宗、天台宗、真言宗(高野派、醍醐派)、禪宗(臨濟宗妙心寺派、曹洞宗)、淨土宗(淨土宗、西山深草派)、真宗(本願寺派、大谷派、木邊派)、日蓮宗、法華宗(顯本法華宗、本門法華宗),共八宗十四派。日本佛教各宗入台後,幾乎都以台北地區為布教中心,隨著時間的推移,以及布教工作的深化,逐漸地跨散到全台,展開殖民半世紀的歷史(1895-1945)。
〈台灣佛教新史〉之十二——殖民時期本土教團的崛起(一)
日本佛教各宗隨著殖民統治者來台布教發展,前後共有八宗十二派,發展的主力以禪宗、淨土宗、真宗系統為主。其中,禪宗來台者有臨濟宗妙心寺派及曹洞宗兩派。
從「三教合一」到「人間佛教」──論《佛光菜根譚》對《菜根譚》的傳承與發展
本文先概述《菜根譚》的編寫背景與思想特點,次考釋清朝初中期是書在佛門的流傳情況,再分析《佛光菜根譚》對《菜根譚》的傳承與發展。最後總結:如果說《菜根譚》是反映三教合一而以儒家為本的士大夫處世法則,《佛光菜根譚》就是代表面對新時代,弘揚人間佛教、建立人間淨土的宗教理念。
地球另一方的佛門淨土
