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Remarks on Current Research on Taixu and the Pure Land in the Human Realm
One could translate the Chinese term commonly rendered “Humanistic Buddhism” more literally as “Buddhism in the Human Realm” (renjian fojiao 人間佛教). The term “human realm” (renjian 人間) has both an everyday meaning in modern Chinese and a more expansive technical Buddhist meaning. In everyday parlance, it means “the human world,” “humanity,” or “social relations,” and within a modern scientific world view, humanity exists in only one place—the planet Earth. Hence, English-language texts sometimes render the term “Humanistic Buddhism” as “Earthly Buddhism.” In traditional Chinese Buddhist texts, however, the term has a more specialized, technical meaning arising from premodern Buddhist cosmology. In this context, it indicates one in a list of five or six possible paths of rebirth. To be reborn in the human realm means that one’s past karma has led to rebirth as a human being, and in Buddhist cosmology, the Earth is not the only place where humans reside. The fact that the term renjian has different definitions in these two contexts has led to some confusion when scholars confront the terms “Humanistic Buddhism” and “The Pure Land in the Human Realm” (renjian jingtu 人間淨土). Variations in the way Buddhists and scholars understand the meaning and purpose of Humanistic Buddhism only compound the confusion.
On Modernity and Tradition in Humanistic Buddhism: From Master Taixu to Venerable Master Hsing Yun
Humanistic Buddhism was initially proposed by Master Taixu in early modern times, then refined in theory and verified in practice by a number of eminent monks. It now is a major ideological trend and practical model for Chinese Buddhism in Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao. Fo Guang Shan in Taiwan, under the leadership of Venerable Master Hsing Yun, has brought the model of Humanistic Buddhism development worldwide. This has become an important channel for Chinese culture to the world. How is it that Humanistic Buddhism has become a major Buddhist ideological trend on the Chinese mainland? How has it become the way for Buddhism to modernize and to survive? Humanistic Buddhism not only responds to the practical needs of this era, but it is rooted in long-standing Buddhist spiritual traditions and the Buddha’s original intents.
Humanistic Buddhism in Singapore
The term “Humanistic Buddhism” (人間佛教) brings to mind the thisworldly Buddhist teachings of Master Taixu (太虛, 1890–1947), Master Yinshun (印順, 1906–2005), and Venerable Master Hsing Yun (星雲, 1927–). Needless to say, transnational Taiwanese “mega-temples” such as Fo Guang Shan (佛光山) and Tzu Chi Foundation (慈濟功德會) have played a significant role in the propagation of Buddhism and promotion of cultural and philanthropic activities in global-city Singapore and around the world. Yet, unknown to many scholars (and Buddhists) perhaps, the early ideas of Humanistic Buddhism have arrived in Singapore even before these well-known global Taiwanese Buddhist organizations. In my talk, I will discuss the history of Singapore’s Humanistic Buddhism from the early twentieth century to the present. I will present the development of Humanistic Buddhism in Singapore into three phases: 1) Taixu’s Human Life Buddhism (人生佛教); 2) Yen Pei’s (演培, 1917–1996) Humanistic Buddhism; and 3) development of Taiwanese Humanistic Buddhist organizations in contemporary Singapore.
五十生日感言．外一章
第一章 從太虛大師到星雲大師：現代人間佛教的宣導與創立──二十世紀人間佛教理論與實踐展開歷程的一種解釋模式
一切法如幻——寂護和太虛對《楞伽經》宗旨的解釋比對
《楞伽經》為眾經之樞要，佛法之理窟。印度的中觀派、瑜伽行派及中觀瑜伽行派、漢地的禪宗、藏地的寧瑪派等都依據該經奠立自己的教義基礎。在太虛大師的教理體系中，《楞伽經》也占據了核心的地位。因此，這是一部跨越地域文化和宗派分歧的經典，其宗旨值得探討。本文選擇了時間、空間上相隔都頗為遙遠的寂護和太虛的闡釋來對比研究。寂護是印度佛教中觀瑜伽行派和吐蕃前弘期佛教的奠基者，太虛大師是二十世紀以來具有世界影響的「人生佛教」開拓者。對比研究他們對《楞伽經》宗旨的解釋，可以拓展理解《楞伽》經義的空間。
老齡社會背景下人間佛教發展的一些思考
佛陀創教時期及此後數千年漫長歲月裡，由於戰爭、災荒、疫病頻發，生活資源短缺及社會醫療水平低下等原因，人口死亡率高，平均壽命較低，基本不存在社會人口老化的現象。近代太虛大師揭櫫人生佛教、人間佛教時，正值國家動亂多難，老百姓幾乎沒有社會醫療保障，人口死亡率高、平均壽命低的狀況依然如故。
念佛禪——一種思想史的讀解
「念佛法門」曾直接啟發過中國禪宗的實踐，這大概是不容爭議的事實，而結合了淨土觀念（無論是彌勒國土還是西方淨土）的念佛方法是如何融攝到中國禪的思想和修證當中，卻是一個要複雜得多的問題。依太虛、印順一系的看法，戒律和淨土是不應獨立成宗而為中國佛教各家所奉持的共法。不過，各家對淨土的取捨抉擇，都鮮明地表示了自宗的立場。如天台、賢首均以判教的形式會通淨土，但台宗詳於觀門和心具的說明，賢首則重於法界緣起和理事意義上的圓釋。即使禪宗內部各家，對淨土念佛的融攝也有相當複雜的不同。
中國佛教現代化的嘗試與挫折（西元一九一二－一九四九年）
就佛教而言，「昔日文化之為友為敵，唯儒與道；今則文化之新友新敵，將加入西方之宗教、哲學、科學。處非常之變，而晚唐來之傳統佛教者，一仍舊貫，無動於心，真難乎為繼矣！」雖然有晚清思想家如康有為、譚嗣同、章太炎等，熱切地攝受佛學，並且在他們的政治社會改革理想上有所融會發揮，造成所謂「近代佛學復興運動的萌芽」，不過由於晚清知識份子對於如何把佛學應用於政治領域的共識迄未完成，而佛學對那些中國知識份子而言，只不過是達到（救國建國）目的的工具，所以這一次復興運動的萌芽只是一個「浪漫的插曲」罷了。必須等到太虛大師（一八八九─一九四七年），高唱「教理革命」、「教制革命」、「教產革命」以整僧，「今菩薩行」已入世，才為新時代的佛教改革運動樹立方針、奠定規模。如果要探究民國時代的佛教現代化歷程，恐怕也只能繞著太虛大師的志業來談。
一的世界（二）
一的世界（二） The World of One (2)
