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The Modernization and Globalization of Humanistic Buddhism and Chinese Buddhism
The most prominent element in the success of Humanistic Buddhism is the modernization and internationalization of Chinese Buddhism. Under the premise of returning to the original intents of the Buddha, advocates and practitioners of Humanistic Buddhism look forward to spreading the Dharma in ways that are readily embraced by people of current times. For example, in the 1950s and 1960s, Fo Guang Shan’s Venerable Master Hsing Yun was already advocating for reform in Buddhism: its ranks, its organizations, its administrative systems, its precepts, its means of propagating the Dharma, its education, its culture, and its internationalization.
Humanistic Buddhism and the Modernization of Buddhism
In recent decades, rapid economic, scientific, and technological development has modernized human society in leaps and bounds. Hence, societies and cultures face the dual issues of how best to treat one’s tradition and how to adapt to the reality of a changing society. If a given tradition is the modernized “medium” (i.e. carrier of specific ideas) of its ideology, then the social conditions under which it operates form the “foundation” (i.e. the direction and strategy) for its modernization.
The Process of Modernizing Buddhism: Two Thousand Years of Rise and Fall in Human History
When Buddhism was transmitted into China over two thousand years ago, during the time of the Han Dynasty, Daoist ritual techniques and arts for achieving immortality were prevalent. As Chinese Republican-period scholar Tang Yongtong pointed out: During the Han period, other than the major rituals of worshipping heaven, earth, mountains, and rivers, there were many other types of sacrificial worship. Prior to the Qin Dynasty, there was already the belief that one must perform specific Daoist ritual techniques and arts in order evoke higher spiritual powers.
Humanistic Buddhism and It’s Humanization, Modernization, and Incorporation into Daily Life
Since the twentieth century, Chinese Buddhism has entered a golden age of development and an opportune time for the development of Humanistic Buddhism. As a stronghold of today’s Humanistic Buddhism, Fo Guang Shan has made great contributions to its development and shoulders the responsibility of creating a new era of Humanistic Buddhism. Since we have the good fortune of being able to participate in Fo Guang Shan’s development of Humanistic Buddhism, we naturally also bear its mission. This is a great opportunity that should be cherished. Venerable Master’s philosophy of Humanistic Buddhism is deep and wide like the ocean, and his undertakings have been brilliant.
中國佛教現代化的嘗試與挫折(西元一九一二-一九四九年)
就佛教而言,「昔日文化之為友為敵,唯儒與道;今則文化之新友新敵,將加入西方之宗教、哲學、科學。處非常之變,而晚唐來之傳統佛教者,一仍舊貫,無動於心,真難乎為繼矣!」雖然有晚清思想家如康有為、譚嗣同、章太炎等,熱切地攝受佛學,並且在他們的政治社會改革理想上有所融會發揮,造成所謂「近代佛學復興運動的萌芽」,不過由於晚清知識份子對於如何把佛學應用於政治領域的共識迄未完成,而佛學對那些中國知識份子而言,只不過是達到(救國建國)目的的工具,所以這一次復興運動的萌芽只是一個「浪漫的插曲」罷了。必須等到太虛大師(一八八九─一九四七年),高唱「教理革命」、「教制革命」、「教產革命」以整僧,「今菩薩行」已入世,才為新時代的佛教改革運動樹立方針、奠定規模。如果要探究民國時代的佛教現代化歷程,恐怕也只能繞著太虛大師的志業來談。
儒、釋、道關係在近現代社會的延續與展開—以星雲大師的「三教一家」為核心
自魏晉南北朝時期「三教」之說流行之始,儒、釋、道三教在衝突融合中,逐漸形成以儒、釋、道為核心的、相對穩定的中華傳統文化格局。近代以來,儒、釋、道三教在傳統文化本位的基礎上積極借鑑西學理論與方法,努力促成三教的復甦與新融和。作為人間佛教的繼承者與實踐者,星雲大師提出「三教一家、五教圓融」的三教觀,在繼承傳統三教模式的基礎上,構建具有佛教特色的「五教圓融」體系,不僅為傳統儒、釋、道三教關係注入新時代活力,同時也為當代國學發展提供新模式與新視角。星雲大師的「三教一家」理論,提倡傳統儒、釋、道應積極地在社會意識型態建構與社會制度完善層面,提出中華文化所獨有的解決良方,而「五教圓融」的宗教觀則是在「同體共生」理念的宣導下,積極推動各個宗教的交流與對話,在堅持文化主體性的基礎上追求文化多樣性。另外,星雲大師充分發揮人間佛教「護國利生、淑世致用」的實踐特色,推動人間佛教沿著人間化、生活化、制度化、現代化與國際化方向發展。
佛光普照三千界,法水長流五大洲――星雲大師與中國佛教國際化
肇始於近代的中國佛教國際化歷程中,星雲大師對佛教在西方世界傳播貢獻卓著。本文總結了星雲大師佛教國際化歷程及成就,主要體現在六個方面,即:一、創建國際性的佛教組織;二、在西方國家建立弘法道場;三、創辦現代化的教育機構;四、培養國際性的弘法人才;五、佛教經典的整理和翻譯;六、宗教對話及文化交流。星雲大師宣導的「人間佛教」理念是貫穿於其佛教國際化實踐的內在核心主線。本文探討星雲大師為代表的佛教國際化的意義。
論星雲大師以禪統攝三教的思想淵源與現實意義
星雲大師倡導的人間佛教以現實人生為立足點,以現代社會為面向,其人生化、生活化、入世化特色,正是對禪宗「即心即佛」、「佛法在世間,不離世間覺」思想的繼承。自唐宋以來,禪宗不斷與儒、道融合,其積極入世、以人為本的精神不僅成為中國佛教的特色,也構成了中國傳統文化的重要組成部分。在與儒、道交流、融合的過程中,禪宗充分體現了相容並包、求同存異的性格,人間佛教在處理儒、釋、道關係上的思想與實踐,正是在新時期下繼承與發揚禪宗精神的體現。星雲大師以禪統攝三教,作用於現實人生,主要體現在倫理生活、行為約束與淨土思想三方面,並且根據當代社會形式與國際環境,星雲大師創造性地將「禪統三教」擴展為「五乘共法」,以平等包容的禪思想處理宗教關係,推動了人間佛教國際化、現代化進程。
人間佛教的藍圖(上)
人間佛教的建設,在佛教界已經逐漸達成共識了!大陸、台灣、香港都在發揚人間佛教,自無疑義;日本雖無人間佛教的口號,但其所行所為,例如寺院的開放、僧侶參加社會事業、檀家制度的設立,以及佛教界創辦大學、開設百貨公司等,也都充滿了人間佛教的思想與具體實踐。乃至韓國也把古老的教團逐漸現代化,例如成立電視台等等,未來走上人間佛教的路線,這也是時代的自然趨勢。
